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The Cognitive Error Styles of Midwifery Students in Clinical Decision-Making: A Directed Qualitative Content Analysis Study

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran

2 Counseling and Reproductive Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

3 Department of Science, Shahreza Campus, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

4 Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Nursing and Midwifery School, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Cognitive error styles refer to faulty patterns of thinking that can negatively influence individuals’ decision-making and behavior. Among midwifery students, identifying and understanding these errors is particularly important, as their decisions directly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes. Thus, the present study aimed to explain the cognitive error styles of midwifery students in clinical decision-making.
Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using a directed qualitative content analysis approach. Initially, empirical literature and studies from databases such as ERIC, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were reviewed to identify relevant components of cognitive error styles among midwifery students. Next, unstructured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 midwifery students (bachelor’s and master’s levels) enrolled at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from August 2023 to May 2024.
Results: Among 32 main categories extracted from the literature review, 11 functional components of cognitive error styles were confirmed by the midwifery students, including emotional reasoning, procrastination, lack of confidence, anchoring , recency bias, catastrophizing, stereotyping, negative filtering, labeling, fortune telling, and all-or-nothing thinking.
Conclusions: Given the significant impact of cognitive error styles on clinical decision-making by midwives and midwifery students, it is essential to identify the causes of medical errors associated with these cognitive biases to minimize mistakes and their related financial consequences. A deeper understanding of these errors can ameliorate the education and clinical performance of midwifery students, ultimately enhancing healthcare delivery.

Highlights

HADIS SOURINEJAD

ZIBA RAISI DEHKORDI

Keywords

References
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Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism
Volume 13, Issue 4
October 2025
Pages 334-343
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